struggle earnestly

certō, adv., v. certus, adv. A.

certo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. freq. a. [cerno], to decide something by a contest (cf. cerno, II. C. b.); hence, to fight, struggle, contend, combat, implying great exertion, and usually a measuring of strength (class. in prose and poetry; most freq. in a trop. signif.; syn.: decerto, contendo).

Of a physical contest of strength;

mostly of battle: utrum igitur utilius Fabricio... armis cum hoste certare, an venenis?

Cic. Off. 3, 22, 87:

adulescentium greges Lacedaemone videmus ipsi incredibili contentione certantis pugnis, calcibus, unguibus, morsu denique,

id. Tusc. 5, 27, 77:

manu,

Sall. H. 2, 41, 6 Dietsch:

proelio,

id. J. 81, 3:

cum Gallis pro salute,

id. ib. 114, 2; cf. Tac. Agr. 5:

de ambiguo agro bello,

Liv. 3, 71, 2:

de imperio cum populo Romano,

Cic. de Or. 2, 18, 76:

de principatu armis,

Tac. H. 2, 47; cf. Suet. Vesp. 5:

odiis etiam prope majoribus certarunt quam viribus,

Liv. 21, 1, 3:

acie,

Verg. A. 2, 30 et saep.— Impers.: dignus quicum certetur, Pac. ap. Non. p. 473, 16: certatur limine in ipso Ausoniae, Verg. A. 10, 355; 11, 313:

die quo Bedriaci certabatur,

Tac. H. 2, 50:

quā in parte rex pugnae affuit, ibi aliquamdiu certatum,

Sall. J. 74, 3:

in cujus (amnis) transgressu multum certato pervicit Vardanes,

Tac. A. 11, 10; id. H. 4, 61.—Mostly poet. in pass.:

certata lite deorum Ambracia (for the possession of which Apollo. Diana, and Hercules contended),

Ov. M. 13, 713:

certatus nobis orbis (i. e. de quo certavimus),

Sil. 17, 342; cf. II. infra.—

Out of the sphere of milit. operations, to contend, struggle, strive, emulate, vie with: certabant urbem Romam Remoramne vocarent, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 48, 107 (Ann. v. 85 Vahl.): haut doctis dictis certantes sed maledictis, Enn. ap. Gell. 20, 10, 4 (Ann. v. 274 ib.):

minis mecum, minaciis,

Plaut. Truc. 5, 56:

malitiā tecum,

id. Pers. 2, 2, 56:

benedictis,

Ter. Phorm. prol. 20:

certare ingenio, contendere nobilitate,

Lucr. 2, 11:

cum aliquo dicacitate,

Cic. Brut. 46, 172:

officiis inter se,

id. Fam. 7, 31, 1; cf.:

certatum inter collegas maledictis,

Liv. 5, 8, 13; and:

eo modo inter se duo imperatores certabant,

Sall. J. 52, 1:

cum civibus de virtute,

id. C. 9, 2:

pro sua quisque potentia,

id. ib. 38, 3:

contumaciā adversus contemnentes humilitatem suam nobiles certavit (Licinius),

Liv. 9, 46, 4: cum usuris fructibus praediorum, to contend against interest ( to strive to pay interest) with the produce of estates, Cic. Cat. 2, 8, 18: cum a Cheruscis Longobardisque pro antiquo decore aut recenti libertate;

et contra, augendae dominationi certaretur,

Tac. A. 2, 46:

ob hircum,

Hor. A. P. 220:

joco,

id. C. 2, 12, 18:

mero,

id. ib. 4, 1, 31:

animis iniquis,

Verg. A. 10, 7:

parsimoniā et vigiliis et labore cum ultimis militum,

Liv. 34, 18, 5:

sententiis,

Tac. A. 1, 29 al.:

ut si nautae certarent, quis eorum potissimum gubernaret,

Cic. Off. 1, 25, 87:

mos gentis est, equitare jaculari cursu cum aequalibus certare,

Sall. J. 6, 1:

dic mecum quo pignore certes,

Verg. E. 3, 31:

celeri sagittā,

id. A. 5, 485:

certemus, spinas animone ego fortius an tu Evellas agro,

Hor. Ep. 1, 14, 4.— Poet., with acc.: hanc rem ( = de hac re), Sedigit. ap. Gell. 15, 24; cf. in pass.:

cui (multae) certandae cum dies advenisset,

Liv. 25, 3, 14.—With dat. instead of cum:

solus tibi certat Amyntas,

Verg. E. 5, 8; Hor. S. 2, 5, 19; id. Epod. 11, 18; 2, 20; id. C. 2, 6, 15; Verg. E. 8, 55; id. G. 2, 138; Ov. M. 14, 794.—

Particularly of judicial disputations, to contend at law:

inter se,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 16, § 39; cf. id. ib. 2, 2, 13, §

32: in centumvirali judicio,

id. de Or. 1, 39, 177:

si a duumviris provocarit, provocatione certato,

Liv. 1, 26, 6:

si quid se judice certes,

Hor. S. 2, 1, 49:

foro si res certabitur olim,

id. ib. 2, 5, 27.—

With inf. (mostly poet.), to strive to do something, to labor, endeavor, struggle earnestly, to exert one ' s self:

certantes ad summum succedere honorem,

Lucr. 5, 1123; so,

inter se cernere,

id. 5, 394:

dimittere se (nubes),

id. 6, 509:

populum alium suorum sepelire,

id. 6, 1247:

Phoebum superare canendo,

Verg. E. 5, 9:

superare,

Ov. M. 5, 394:

vincere,

Verg. A. 5, 194:

tollere (hunc) tergeminis honoribus,

Hor. C. 1, 1, 8:

inter se eruere quercum,

Verg. A. 4, 443:

certat quisque evadere,

Curt. 9, 4, 33:

frangere fluctus,

Plin. Pan. 81 fin.; Sil. 13, 222; Stat. S. 5, 3, 191.

certāmen, ĭnis, n. [id.], a contest, struggle, strife, whether friendly or hostile, physical or intellectual; most freq. of a pugilistic contest of any kind; but also of contention in war.

A contest, struggle in games or otherwise.

Lit.:

videmusne apud quos eorum ludorum, qui gymnici nominantur, magnus honos sit, nullum ab iis, qui in id certamen descendant, devitari dolorem?

Cic. Tusc. 2, 26, 62; cf. id. de Or. 2, 78, 317:

Hac celebrata tenus sancto certamina patri,

Verg. A. 5, 603; cf. Ov. M. 1, 446:

luctandi,

Quint. 12, 2, 12:

saliendi,

id. 10, 3, 6:

citharoedorum,

id. 4, 1, 2:

sacra,

id. 2, 8, 7 Spald.:

quinquennale triplex, musicum, gymnicum, equestre,

Suet. Ner. 12; cf. id. Vit. 4; id. Dom. 4:

bijugum,

Verg. A. 5, 144:

quadrigarum,

Suet. Claud. 21:

pedum,

Ov. M. 12, 304:

cursus,

id. ib. 7, 792;

10, 560: disci,

id. ib. 10, 177:

Veneris,

id. Am. 2, 10, 29 et saep.—

Meton., poet., the object contended for, the prize, Ov. M. 13, 129:

pecoris magistris Velocis jaculi certamina ponit in ulmo,

Verg. G. 2, 530 Heyne.—

Trop., a rivalry, contest, struggle, emulation, etc.:

certamen honestum (Stoicorum et Peripateticorum),

Cic. Fin. 2, 21, 68:

est mihi tecum pro aris et focis certamen,

id. N. D. 3, 40, 94:

est alicui certamen cum aliquo de principatu,

Nep. Them. 6, 3: certamen honoris et gloriae. Cic. Lael. 10, 34; cf. id. Off. 1, 12, 38; Sall. J. 41, 2; Quint. 10, 5, 5:

bona ratio cum perditā confligit. In ejus modi certamine ac proelio,

Cic. Cat. 2, 11, 25:

pugna forensium certaminum,

id. 5, 12, 22:

eloquentiae inter juvenes,

Quint. 2, 17, 8:

verborum linguaeque,

Liv. 10, 22, 6:

laboris ac periculi,

id. 28, 19, 14:

amicitiae, benevolentiae,

id. 37, 53, 7:

bonae artis ac virtutis,

id. 37, 54, 19:

irarum,

id. 1, 7, 2; cf. id. 3, 39, 3:

conferendi (pecuniam),

id. 4, 60, 8:

patrum animos certamen regni ac cupido versabat,

id. 1, 17, 1; cf. id. 21, 31, 6:

leti (inter mulieres Indas),

Prop. 3 (4), 13, 19:

diu magnum inter mortales certamen fuit, vine corporis an virtute animi, etc.,

Sall. C. 1, 5; cf. Tib. 4, 1, 37.—Rarely with gen. of adversary:

si in virtutis certamen venerint ( = cum virtute),

Cic. Fin. 5, 24, 71 Madv. ad loc.— Poet.:

mite vini,

a drinking bout, Tib. 3, 6, 11.—Also poet.: certamina ponere, syn. with certamina instituere = agôna protithenai, to order, arrange a fight or contest, Verg. A. 5, 66; 8, 639; cf. id. G. 2, 530 Wagn.—Of inanimate things:

Arboribusque datumst variis exinde per auras Crescendi magnum inmissis certamen habenis,

Lucr. 5, 787.—

Esp., a military strife, battle, engagement, contest, fight, combat.

Subject. (diff. from the objective; cf.:

proeliam, pugna, bellum, etc.): horrida Romuleum certamina pango duellum,

Enn. Ann. 1, 1; 1, 476; 2, 6; 5, 1295; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 18, 2; Lucr. 4, 844; Ov. M. 12, 180; Liv. 36, 19, 13:

aeterno certamine proelia pugnasque edere,

Lucr. 2, 117:

fit proelium acri certamine,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 28; cf.:

proelii certamen,

id. B. Alex. 16:

certamine,

with zeal, emulously, earnestly, Verg. A. 5, 197; Curt. [p. 320] 9, 4; Sil. 10, 536; cf.:

nec magni certaminis ea dimicatio fuit,

not severe, Liv. 21, 60, 7. —

Object., = proelium, pugna, etc.:

vario certamine pugnatum est,

Caes. B. C. 1, 46:

erat in celeritate omne positum certamen, utri, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 70:

bella atque certamina,

Sall. C. 33, 5:

ubi res ad certamen venit,

id. J. 13, 4:

in certamine ipso,

Liv. 2, 44, 11:

navalia,

a naval engagement, sea-fight, id. 31, 14, 4:

classicum,

Vell. 2, 85, 2:

saevit medio in certamine Mavors,

Verg. A. 8, 700 et saep.—Hence.

In the postAug. histt. for war in gen., Flor. 1, 20; Eutr. 1, 16; Just. 7, 2, 6; 7, 6, 6.

ē-nītor, -nīsus or -nixus (enixus, of bodily exertion, esp. of childbirth: enisus, of labor for an end, esp. of mental effort, etc., v. infra), 3, v. dep. n. and act.

To force or work one's way out; or (more freq.) to force one's way up, to mount up, climb, ascend.

Lit.:

per angustias aditus et ingruentem multitudinem,

Tac. A. 16, 5; cf. Liv. 30, 24; 21, 36:

dum cohortes in aequum eniterentur,

Tac. A. 2, 80 fin.:

adeo erat impedita vallis, ut in ascensu, nisi sublevati a suis, primi non facile eniterentur,

Caes. B. C. 2, 34, 5; cf. Liv. 2, 65; Ov. M. 2, 64; Hor. C. 3, 3, 10:

sol per ardua enisus,

Plin. 18, 28, 68, § 264:

in editiora,

Tac. A. 1, 70:

in verticem montis,

Curt. 7, 11:

enisae legiones in aperta,

Tac. A. 1, 65:

Vitellius in editiora enisus,

id. ib. 1, 70.— Poet.:

viribus eniti quarum assuescant (vites),

by whose strength they may mount up, Verg. G. 2, 360:

opibus fratris enisus,

Tac. A. 14, 28.—

Trop.:

nihil tam alte natura constituit, quo virtus non posset eniti,

Curt. 7, 11, 10.—

In gen., to exert one's self, to make an effort, to struggle, strive, sc. to accomplish something.—With ut:

enitare, contendas, efficias, ut, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 13, 29, 5; so id. Lael. 16, 59; id. Off. 3, 10, 42; id. Rep. 2, 30; id. Att. 9, 15, 4:

tantum celeritate navis enisus est, ut, etc.,

Caes. B. C. 2, 6, 4:

ab adulescentia ita se enisum ut ab optimo quoque probaretur,

Sall. J. 22, 2; Liv. 42, 46 et saep.—With ne:

illud pugna et enitere, ne, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 3; so Sall. J. 10 fin.—Pass. impers.:

ab eisdem summa ope enisum, ne tale decretum fieret,

Sall. J. 25, 2.—Less commonly with inf.:

corrigere mihi gnatum porro enitere,

Ter. And. 3, 4, 17 Ruhnk.; so Sall. J. 14, 1; Hor. C. 3, 27, 47; id. A. P. 236.— Absol.:

ego, quod potero, enitar sedulo,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 4, 15; Cic. Rep. 6, 24 (twice); Quint. 7, 10, 14 al.; cf.:

pro aliquo,

Ter. Ph. 3, 1, 11:

in aliqua re,

Cic. de Or. 2, 72 fin.:

ad dicendum,

id. ib. 1, 4, 14: quod (acc. respect, v. A. and S. Gr. §

232, 3): quidem certe enitar,

Cic. Att. 16, 6, 2; cf. id. ib. 13, 25 fin., Orell. N. cr. —

Act. (perh. not ante-Aug.).

To bring forth, bear children or young:

plures enisa partus decessit,

Liv. 40, 4: enixa, with acc., Quint. 6 prooem. § 4; Tac. A. 2, 84; 14, 12; Suet. Tib. 4; Verg. A. 3, 391; 8, 44; Ov. M. 1, 670; 3, 344 et saep.— Absol., Quint. 5, 13, 9; Tac. A. 5, 1; Suet. Calig. 25; id. Ner. 23 al.—

To climb up, ascend a place:

Pyrenaeum et Alpes et immensa viarum spatia aegre,

Tac. H. 1, 23 fin.:

aggerem,

id. A. 2, 20:

totum spatium,

Col. 2, 2, 27.— Hence, ēnixus ( ēnīsus), a, um, P. a.

Strenuous, earnest, zealous:

faciebat enixo studio, ne, etc.,

Liv. 42, 3; cf.

opera (with prompta), Frontin. Strat. 2, 5, 30: virtus,

Liv. 6, 24 fin.:

voluntas,

Dig. 31, 1, 77, § 23:

enixo studio petere,

Val. Max. 8, 15, ext. 1.— Comp.:

opera,

Sen. Ben. 6, 17; Plin. 9, 8, 9, § 32.—

Ēnixa, that has ceased to bear, Col. 6, 22, 1 Schneid.— Adv.

ēnixe, strenuously, earnestly, zealously:

expeto,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 26:

causam suscipere,

Cic. Sest. 16, 38; Caes. B. C. 3, 35 fin.; Liv. 4, 26 fin.; 41; 6, 40;

26, 47: petere,

Sen. Ep. 95, 2 et saep.— Comp., Liv. 29, 1; Suet. Tib. 50; id. Galb. 3:

enixius orare, Greg. M. Dial. 4, 38 al.: animum imperatoris enixius deprecari,

Amm. 15, 7; App. M. 2, p. 117, 20.— Sup., Suet. Caes. 5.—

ēnixim, the same, Sisenn. ap. Non. 107, 19.

signif.

Born:

quod in luco Martis enixi sunt,

Just. 43, 2, 7.—

Impers.: ab eisdem illis regis fautoribus summa ope enisum, ne tale decretum fieret, striven to their utmost to prevent, etc., Sall. J. 25, 2.

ē-nītor, -nīsus or -nixus (enixus, of bodily exertion, esp. of childbirth: enisus, of labor for an end, esp. of mental effort, etc., v. infra), 3, v. dep. n. and act.

To force or work one's way out; or (more freq.) to force one's way up, to mount up, climb, ascend.

Lit.:

per angustias aditus et ingruentem multitudinem,

Tac. A. 16, 5; cf. Liv. 30, 24; 21, 36:

dum cohortes in aequum eniterentur,

Tac. A. 2, 80 fin.:

adeo erat impedita vallis, ut in ascensu, nisi sublevati a suis, primi non facile eniterentur,

Caes. B. C. 2, 34, 5; cf. Liv. 2, 65; Ov. M. 2, 64; Hor. C. 3, 3, 10:

sol per ardua enisus,

Plin. 18, 28, 68, § 264:

in editiora,

Tac. A. 1, 70:

in verticem montis,

Curt. 7, 11:

enisae legiones in aperta,

Tac. A. 1, 65:

Vitellius in editiora enisus,

id. ib. 1, 70.— Poet.:

viribus eniti quarum assuescant (vites),

by whose strength they may mount up, Verg. G. 2, 360:

opibus fratris enisus,

Tac. A. 14, 28.—

Trop.:

nihil tam alte natura constituit, quo virtus non posset eniti,

Curt. 7, 11, 10.—

In gen., to exert one's self, to make an effort, to struggle, strive, sc. to accomplish something.—With ut:

enitare, contendas, efficias, ut, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 13, 29, 5; so id. Lael. 16, 59; id. Off. 3, 10, 42; id. Rep. 2, 30; id. Att. 9, 15, 4:

tantum celeritate navis enisus est, ut, etc.,

Caes. B. C. 2, 6, 4:

ab adulescentia ita se enisum ut ab optimo quoque probaretur,

Sall. J. 22, 2; Liv. 42, 46 et saep.—With ne:

illud pugna et enitere, ne, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 3; so Sall. J. 10 fin.—Pass. impers.:

ab eisdem summa ope enisum, ne tale decretum fieret,

Sall. J. 25, 2.—Less commonly with inf.:

corrigere mihi gnatum porro enitere,

Ter. And. 3, 4, 17 Ruhnk.; so Sall. J. 14, 1; Hor. C. 3, 27, 47; id. A. P. 236.— Absol.:

ego, quod potero, enitar sedulo,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 4, 15; Cic. Rep. 6, 24 (twice); Quint. 7, 10, 14 al.; cf.:

pro aliquo,

Ter. Ph. 3, 1, 11:

in aliqua re,

Cic. de Or. 2, 72 fin.:

ad dicendum,

id. ib. 1, 4, 14: quod (acc. respect, v. A. and S. Gr. §

232, 3): quidem certe enitar,

Cic. Att. 16, 6, 2; cf. id. ib. 13, 25 fin., Orell. N. cr. —

Act. (perh. not ante-Aug.).

To bring forth, bear children or young:

plures enisa partus decessit,

Liv. 40, 4: enixa, with acc., Quint. 6 prooem. § 4; Tac. A. 2, 84; 14, 12; Suet. Tib. 4; Verg. A. 3, 391; 8, 44; Ov. M. 1, 670; 3, 344 et saep.— Absol., Quint. 5, 13, 9; Tac. A. 5, 1; Suet. Calig. 25; id. Ner. 23 al.—

To climb up, ascend a place:

Pyrenaeum et Alpes et immensa viarum spatia aegre,

Tac. H. 1, 23 fin.:

aggerem,

id. A. 2, 20:

totum spatium,

Col. 2, 2, 27.— Hence, ēnixus ( ēnīsus), a, um, P. a.

Strenuous, earnest, zealous:

faciebat enixo studio, ne, etc.,

Liv. 42, 3; cf.

opera (with prompta), Frontin. Strat. 2, 5, 30: virtus,

Liv. 6, 24 fin.:

voluntas,

Dig. 31, 1, 77, § 23:

enixo studio petere,

Val. Max. 8, 15, ext. 1.— Comp.:

opera,

Sen. Ben. 6, 17; Plin. 9, 8, 9, § 32.—

Ēnixa, that has ceased to bear, Col. 6, 22, 1 Schneid.— Adv.

ēnixe, strenuously, earnestly, zealously:

expeto,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 26:

causam suscipere,

Cic. Sest. 16, 38; Caes. B. C. 3, 35 fin.; Liv. 4, 26 fin.; 41; 6, 40;

26, 47: petere,

Sen. Ep. 95, 2 et saep.— Comp., Liv. 29, 1; Suet. Tib. 50; id. Galb. 3:

enixius orare, Greg. M. Dial. 4, 38 al.: animum imperatoris enixius deprecari,

Amm. 15, 7; App. M. 2, p. 117, 20.— Sup., Suet. Caes. 5.—

ēnixim, the same, Sisenn. ap. Non. 107, 19.

signif.

Born:

quod in luco Martis enixi sunt,

Just. 43, 2, 7.—

Impers.: ab eisdem illis regis fautoribus summa ope enisum, ne tale decretum fieret, striven to their utmost to prevent, etc., Sall. J. 25, 2.